Malaria Prevention

• Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted from one human to another by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
• In humans, the parasites (Sporozoites) travel to the liver, where they mature and release another form, Merozoites.
• These enter the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells.
• The parasites multiply inside the red blood cells, which then rupture within 48 to 72 hours, infecting more red blood cells.

• During a physical examination, the doctor may identify an enlarged liver or an enlarged spleen.
• Malaria blood smears taken at 6 to 12 hour intervals confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

• Malaria, especially Falciparum malaria, is a medical emergency requiring hospitalization.
• Chloroquine is a frequently used anti-malarial medication,
• Quinidine (Quinine) plus Doxycycline, Tetracycline,
• Atovaquone plus proguanil (Malarone); Artesunate;
• The combination of Pyrimethamine + Sulfadoxine, are given for chloroquine-resistant infections.
• The choice of medication depends in part on where you were when you were infected.
• Aggressive supportive medical care, including intravenous (IV) fluids and other medications and breathing (respiratory) support may be needed.

• Most people living in areas where malaria is common have acquired some immunity to the disease.
• Visitors will not have immunity and should take preventive medications.
• It is important to see your health care provider well before your trip, because treatment may begin is long as 2 weeks before travel to the area, and continue for a month after you leave the area.
• The types of anti-malarial medications prescribed will depend on the area you visit.
• According to the CDC, travelers to South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Asia, and the South Pacific should take one of the following drugs: Melfoquine, Doxycycline, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, or Malarone.
• Even pregnant women should take preventive medications because the risk to the fetus from the medication is less than the risk of acquiring a congenital infection.
• People on anti-malarial medications may still become infected. Avoid mosquito bites by wearing protective clothing over the arms and legs, using screens on windows, and using insect repellent.